镇江朗阁11月26日雅思考试阅读回顾
镇江朗阁11月26日雅思考试阅读回顾
P1 露脊鲸Right Whales
P2 被遗忘的古城The Lost city
P3 阅读该如何教How Should Reading be Taught?
镇江朗阁名师丁婧点评
1. 本次考试难度中等偏上。
2. 整体分析：自然科技类(P1)、社会科学类(P2、P3)。
本次考试所选三篇文章为旧题(V20141122)，三篇文章中出现了两篇比较难理解的社会科学类文章，需要较强的理解能力。本次阅读考试依然沿用上一场考试的出题风格，第一篇文章理解难度大于大二篇文章，所以考生平时练习时要注意控制阅读和做题时间，提防文章难度非递增的情况。
3. 主要题型：本次考试依然判断题和填空题占比较大，三篇文章都考察了填空题，且第三篇出现了标题配对题型，比较耗费时间。
4. 文章分析：第一篇文章陈述了露脊鲸的生存近况，交代研究人员的研究内容
第二篇文章陈述了对土耳其某遗址的挖掘使用的技术
第三篇文章主要陈述比较了阅读教学当中常用的教学法
5. 部分答案及参考文章：
Passage 1：
题型：判断题/填空题
文章内容回顾：
A段：介绍露脊鲸生存环境和生活习惯
B-D段：陈述露脊鲸被猎杀导致数量急剧下降，交代当前生存环境的恶劣
E-K段：陈述研究人员针对露脊鲸的研究情况，交代当前露脊鲸的繁殖率
相关参考文章：
Right Whales
A
They dive 600 feet, brushing their heads along the seafloor with raised, wartlike patches of skin, sometimes swimming upside down, big as sunken galleons, hot-blooded and holding their breath in cold and utter darkness while the greatest tides on Earth surge by. Then they open their cavernous maws to let the currents sweep food straight in. This is one way North Atlantic right whales feed in the Bay of Fundy between Maine, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. Or so the experts suspect, having watched the 40-to 80-ton animals surface with mud on their crowns. Mind you, they say, that could result from another activity——one nobody can imagine yet.
B
Science calls these animals Eubalaena glacialis, “good, or true, whale of the ice.” Heavy irony is embedded in the common name, right whale, given by whalers who declared them the right whales to kill. Favoring shallow coastal waters, they passed close to ports, swam slowly, and often lingered on the surface. Such traits made them easy to harpoon, and they tended to conveniently float after they died, thanks to their exceptionally thick blubber layer, which whalers rendered into oil. The first of the great whales to be hunted commercially, E. glacialis lit the lamps of the Old World from the Dark Ages through the Renaissance. By the 16th century Europeans had exhausted the eastern North Atlantic population and turned to North America’s coast. There whalers set up stations in Labrador and took 25,000 to 40,000 related bowhead whales along with an unknown number of rights (records seldom distinguished between these two similar looking titans).
C
By the time New Englanders got into the right-whale-killing business, they were chasing leftovers. The Yankees hunted down another 5,000 or so, partly because whales became even more prized for their baleen than for oil. Hundreds of strips of this tough yet flexible material, each six to nine feet long and finely fringed, drape from the upper jaw. They form a colossal sieve that allows the giants to strain tiny crustaceans from the water for food— a billion flea-size copepods a day to supply the minimum 400,000 calories an adult whale needs (the ratio of a whale’s body mass to its prey’s is 50 billion to one). Society, however, thought baleen was best used for corset stays, stiffeners in fashionable gowns, umbrella ribs, and (consider: “I’m going to whale on you!”) horsewhips.
D
As the 20th century began, the number of whales left in this species was possibly in the low dozens. About 350 to 400 North Atlantic right whales exist today. The survivors migrate along North America’s East Coast between feeding grounds in the Gulf of Maine and wintering sites farther south-- roughly 1,400 miles one way for pregnant females that journey to traditional calving areas off Georgia and Florida. They travel through an intensely urban stretch of ocean.
E
A research team from Boston’s New England Aquarium spends the summer stationed in Lubec, Maine, studying the whales that gather to feed and socialize in the Bay of Fundy and nearby Roseway Basin, off Nova Scotia’s southern tip. The scientists, who have built an archive of around 390,000 photographs, can recognize nearly every whale in the population by its unique callosity pattern (those wartlike patches on their heads), along with scars and other irregularities, and, increasingly, DNA samples. One of their favorites is #2223, first seen in these waters in 1992. It was a baby, and so fond of cavorting around boats that they named it Calvin after the mischief-loving cartoon kid. That same year a fisherman reported a calf circling its dying mother, and when the team recovered the carcass of the female, they identified her as #1223— Delilah, Calvin’s mom. The eight-month-old calf’s prospects looked grim, for it should have been nursing Delilah’s rich, warm milk for several more months.
F
In July 1993 researchers poring over fresh photos from the bay found images that looked like a match for Calvin’s baby pictures. Yes! The orphan had somehow made it alone. DNA from a skin sample taken in 1994 showed that curious, hardy Calvin was in fact a girl whale. Fertile adult females are the most valuable segment of the population. They number fewer than a hundred. Calvin seemed on the verge of adding one more to their ranks.
G
For three years running, the researchers gauged the young female’s blubber thickness with ultrasound. It’s a tricky operation. “One whale’s reaction jolted the skiff hard enough to send me flying overboard,” Amy Knowlton of the research team recalled. Nevertheless, the researchers found Calvin growing pleasingly plump, a prime measure of health. On New Year’s Eve of 1999, she was recorded for the first time in the Georgia Bight, an expanse of shallow coastal waters off Georgia and Florida, where right whales give birth. In summer of 2000 Calvin was once again in the Bay of Fundy, but this time she was snarled in fishing gear. Unbreakable polyblend ropes wrapped round her body, cut into the skin, and trailed in her wake, slowing her down. Then researchers lost sight of the young female.
H
Two to six right whales are found dead in a typical year, at least half of them killed by ship strikes or entanglement. Additional animals simply disappear. Since more than three-quarters of North Atlantic right whales bear scars from encounters with fishing gear, scientists wonder: How many of those missing are weighed down by ropes, nets, or crab and lobster pots for months or even years, the fat reserves that help keep them buoyant dwindling as they starve, fighting harder to reach the surface for each breath, until they finally give in to pain and exhaustion and sink?
I
Months dragged by. Someone finally spotted Calvin in Cape Cod Bay during her hobbled journey back south. A disentanglement team from nearby Provincetown, Massachusetts, raced for the site and made two attempts to slice away her bindings. They couldn’t get them all, but when Calvin was seen during 2001, she had worked free of the remnants.
J
The corridor traveled by Calvin and the other North Atlantic right whales has grown evermore crowded with fishing activities and busy shipping lanes. Plumes of contaminants flow from river mouths, and the underwater din of ship traffic probably makes it increasingly difficult for the whales to communicate and keep track of one another. Though not as visible as wounds from boat prows and propeller blades or fishing gear webbed around struggling bodies, heavy chemical and noise pollution may take a gradual toll.
K
During the 1980s the number of babies born annually was around 12. The total twice fell sharply in the 1990s until just a single calf appeared in 2000. Since then, the average has risen to more than 20 calves a year. Yet this remains 30 percent below the whales’ potential rate of reproduction. Why? If scientists are to guide the species’ salvation, they need more data and more answers fast.
技巧分析：第一篇出现了填空题和判断题，题型难度不大，但是文章较难理解，生词较多。可以尝试使用题干当中的定位词确定文章具体考察区间，忽略生词的阻碍。填空题：1. 题目在原文中出现的位置：顺序原则，2. 填空题注意空格前后关键词的替换;判断题(顺序出题)做题时找准定位句，不要钻牛角尖。
Passage 2：
题型：配对题/句子填空/summary
文章内容回顾：
A段：介绍Pteria城
B段：陈述考古挖掘的挑战性大，以及考古挖掘的意义
C段：陈述考古学家获取城市布局使用的技术
D段：陈述magnetometry的工作原理
E段;陈述magnetometry的运用
F段：陈述resistivity的工作原理
G段：陈述遥感技术运用的发现
相关参考文章：
The Lost City
Thanks to modern remote-sensing techniques, a ruined city in Turkey is slowly revealing itself as one of the greatest and most mysterious cities of the ancient world. Sally Palmer uncovers more.
A
The low granite mountain, known as Kerkenes Dag, juts from the northern edge of the Cappadocian plain in Turkey. Sprawled over the mountain sides are the ruins of an enormous city, contained by crumbling defensive walls seven kilometers long. Many respected archaeologists believe these are the remains of the fabled city of Pteria, the sixth-century BC stronghold of the Medes that the Greek historian Herodotus described in his famous work The Histories. The short-lived city came under Median control and only fifty years later was sacked, burned and its strong stone walls destroyed.
B
British archaeologist Dr. Geoffrey Summers has spent ten years studying the site. Excavating the ruins is a challenge because of the vast they cover. The 7 km perimeter walls run around a site covering 271 hectares. Dr. Summers quickly realised it would take far too long to excavate the site using traditional techniques alone. So he decided to use modern technology as well to map the entire site, both above and beneath the surface, to locate the most interesting areas and priorities to start digging.
C
In1993, Dr Summers hired a special hand-held balloon with a remote-controlled camera attached. He walked over the entire site holding the balloon and taking photos. Then one afternoon, he rented a hot-air balloon and floated over the site, taking yet more pictures. By the end of the 1994 season, Dr. Summers and his team had a jigsaw of aerial photographs of the whole site. The next stage was to use remote sensing, which would let them work out what lay below the intriguing outlines and ruined walls. “Archaeology is a discipline that lends itself very well to remote sensing because it revolves around space,” says Scott Branting, an associated director of the project. He started working with Dr. Summers in 1995.
D
The project used two main remote-sensing techniques. The first is magnetometry, which works on the principle that magnetic fields at the surface of the Earthare influenced by what is buried beneath. It measures localised variations on the direction and intensity of this magnetic field. “The Earth’s magnetic field can vary from place to place, depending on what happened there in the past,” says Branting. “If something containing iron oxide was heavily brunt, by natural orhuman actions, the iron particles in it can be permanently reoriented, like a compass needle, to align with the Earth’s magnetic field present at that point in time and space.” The magnetometer detects differences in the orientation sand intensities of these iron particles from the present-day magnetic field and uses them to produce an image of what lies below ground.
E
Kerkenes Dag lends itself particularly well to magnetometry because it was all burnt once in a savage fire. In places the heat was sufficient to turn sandstone to glass and to melt granite. The fire was so hot that there were strong magnetic signatures set to the Earth’s magnetic field from the time — around 547 BC —resulting in extremely clear pictures. Furthermore, the city was never rebuilt. “If you have multiple layers, it can confuse pictures, because you have different walls from different periods giving signatures that all go indifferent directions, ” says Branting. “We only have one going down about 1.5meters, so we can get a good picture of this fairly short-lived city.”
F
The other main sub-surface mapping technique, which is still being used at the site, is resistivity. This technique measures the way electrical pulses are conducted through sub-surface soil. It’s done by shooting pulses into the ground through a thin metal probe. Different materials have different electrical conductivity. For example, stone and mudbrick are poor conductors, but looser, damp soil conducts very well. By walking around the site and taking about four readings per metre, it is possible to get a detailed idea of what is where beneath the surface. The teams then build up pictures of walls, earths and other remains. “It helps a lot if it has rained, because the electrical pulse can get through more easily,” says Branting. “Then if something is more resistant, it really shows up.” This is one of the reasons that the project has a spring season, when most of the resistivity work is done. Unfortunately, testing resistivity is a lot slower than magnetometry. “If we did resistivity over the whole site it would take about 100 years,” says Branting. Consequently, the team is concentrating on areas where they went to clarify pictures from the magnetometry.
G
Remote sensing does not reveal everything about Kerkenes Dag, but it shows the most interesting sub-surface areas of the site. The archaeologists can then excavate these using traditional techniques. One surprise came when they dug out one of the fates in the defensive walls. “Our observations in early seasons led us to assume that we were looking at a stone base from a mud brick city wall, such as would be found at most other cities in the Ancient Near East,” says Dr. Summers. “When we started to excavate we were staggered to discover that the walls were made entirely from stone and that the gate would have stood at least ten metres high. After ten years of study, Pteria is gradually giving up its secrets.”
技巧分析：这篇文章题由于存在段落细节信息配对，导致很多考生耗时较长。但是题目当中填空题占比也很大，所以可以考虑先完成填空题，再完成配对题，依靠做填空题过程中对文章的进一步了解辅助自己完成配对题
Passage 3：
题型：标题配对/判断题/ summary
文章内容回顾：
文章主要比较了三种阅读教学法the whole-word instruction, the whole-language method和the phonic teaching在阅读教学中的关系和运用
相关参考文章：
How Should Reading be Taught?
A
Learning to speak is automatic for almost all children, but learning to read requires elaborate instruction and conscious effort. Well aware of the difficulties, educators have given a great deal of thought to how they can best help children learn to read. No single method has triumphed. Indeed, heated arguments about the most appropriate form of reading instruction continue to polarise the teaching community.
B
Three general approaches have been tried. In one, called whole-word instruction, children learn by rote how to recognise at a glance a vocabulary of 50 to 100 words. Then they gradually acquire other words, often through seeing them used over and over again in the context of a story.
Speakers of most languages learn the relationship between letters and the sounds associated with them (phonemes). That is, children are taught how to use their knowledge of the alphabet to sound out words.
Many schools have adopted a different approach: the whole-language method. The strategy here relies on the child's experience with language. For example, students are offered engaging books and are encouraged to guess the words that they do not know by considering the context of the sentence or by looking for clues in the storyline and illustrations, rather than trying to sound them out.
Many teachers adopted the whole-language approach because of its intuitive appeal. Making reading fun promises to keep children motivated, and learning to read depends more on what the student does than on what the teacher does. The presumed benefits of whole-language instruction - and the contrast to the perceived dullness of phonics - led to its growing acceptance across America during the 1990s, and a movement away from phonics.
C
However, many linguists and psychologists objected strongly to the abandonment of phonics in American schools. Why was this so? In short, because research had clearly demonstrated that understanding how letters related to the component sounds in words is critically important in reading. This conclusion rests, in part, on knowledge of how experienced readers make sense of words on a page. Advocates of whole-language instruction have argued forcefully that people often derive meanings directly from print without ever determining the sound of the word. Some psychologists today accept this view, but most believe that reading is typically a process of rapidly sounding out words mentally. Compelling evidence for this comes from experiments which show that subjects often confuse homophones (words that sound the same, such as 'rose' and 'rows'). This supports the idea that readers convert strings of letters to sounds.
D
In order to evaluate different approaches to teaching reading, a number of experiments have been carried out, firstly with college students, then with school pupils. Investigators trained English-speaking college students to read using unfamiliar symbols such as Arabic letters (the phonics approach), while another group learned entire words associated with certain strings of Arabic letters (whole-word). Then both groups were required to read a new set of words constructed from the original characters. In general, readers who were taught the rules of phonics could read many more new words than those trained with a whole-word procedure.
Classroom studies comparing phonics with either whole-word or whole-language instruction are also quite illuminating. One particularly persuasive study compared two programmes used in 20 first-grade classrooms. Half the students were offered traditional reading instruction, which included the use of phonics drills and applications. The other half were taught using an individualised method that drew from their experiences with language; these children produced their own booklets of stories and developed sets of words to be recognised (common components of the whole-.language approach). This study found that the first group scored higher at year's end on tests -of reading and comprehension.
E
If researchers are convinced about the need for phonics instruction, why does the debate continue? Because the controversy is enmeshed in the philosophical differences between traditional and progressive (or new) approaches, differences that have divided educators for years. The progressives challenge the results of laboratory tests and classroom studies on the basis of a broad philosophical scepticism about the values of such research. They champion student-centred learning and teacher empowerment. Sadly, they fail to realise that these very admirable educational values are equally consistent with the teaching of phonics.
F
If schools of education insisted that would-be reading teachers learned something about the vast research in linguistics and psychology that bears on reading, their graduates would be more eager to use phonics and wou4d be prepared to do so effectively. They could allow their pupils to apply the principles of phonics while reading for pleasure. Using whole-language activities to supplement phonics instruction certainly helps to make reading fun and meaningful for children, so no one would want to see such tools discarded. Indeed, recent work has indicated that the combination of literature-based instruction and phonics is more powerful than either method used alone.
Teachers need to strike a balance. But in doing so, we urge them to remember that reading must be grounded in a firm understanding of the connections between letters and sounds. Educators who deny this reality are neglecting decades of research. They are also neglecting the needs of their students.
技巧分析：这篇文章考察了标题配对，同样也很耗时，可以考虑先完成判断题和填空题。做判断题时注意顺序出题的规律，找准定位句，个别情况下会出现题目是对原文多句话的总结，需要较强的理解力;填空题注意空格前后关键词的替换;做标题配对题时注意段落首句不一定是中心句，可以尝试排除法做题，先完成比较简单的段落标题配对，再逐步完成较难理解的段落主旨选择。
参考答案：
27.iv
28.i
29.vii
30.ii
31.iii
32.F
33.T
34.F
35.NG
36.T
37.E
38.A
39.G
40.C
镇江朗阁名师丁婧考试预测
1. 此次考试的情况看，三篇文章中出现了三篇旧文，考生要注意机经当中旧题的浏览回顾。此次考试同时出现了段落细节信息配对和标题配对，且第一篇文章较第二篇文章更难理解，所以在做题时一定要注意合理分配每一篇的阅读和做题时间。考生在做阅读练习的时候要多加总结词汇替换、语句替换的现象，同时还要加强标题配对的训练，提升自己对长难句以及段落大意的理解能力。
2. 下场考试的话题可能有关自然科学类、社会科学类。
3. 重点浏览13、14年机经。
镇江朗阁雅思培训学校具有非常丰富的雅思教学经验，通过对多年教学经验的总结，采用自己编写的雅思教材，课程设置更为贴心，小班教学，作业老师单独批改，是镇江比较受欢迎的学雅思基地。报名电话：025-83236520
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